How to cite:
Syawaludin, Mohammad (2022). Political Behavior Of Muslim Voters In Giving Vote Of Political
Support, Journal of Syntax Transformation, 3 (8).
https://doi.org/10.46799/jst.v3i8.598
E-ISSN:
2721-2769
Published by:
Ridwan Institute
Journal of Syntax Transformation
Vol. 3, No. 8, August 2022
p-ISSN: 2721-3854 e-ISSN: 2721-2769
Social Science
Political Behavior Of Muslim Voters In Giving Vote Of Political Support
Mohammad Syawaludin
Radenfatah State Islamic University Palembang , South Sumatra, Indonesia
Email: mohammadsyawaludin_uin@radenfatah.ac.id
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Received
August 04, 2022
Revised
August 11, 2022
Approved
August 23, 2022
This study determines political choices in the legislative general
election in Palembang by responding to political realities that are not
directly related to religious issues and the creation of voter polarization
and voter subjectivity. Political relations between religion and other
political instruments are considered something that does not show their
identity. In this study, the researcher used a qualitative method with a
phenomenological study and a political sociology approach. Followed
by content and interpretive analysis, the results of this study found that
Muslim citizens have three attitudes, namely; first; positive toward
legislative candidates. This means that Muslims know, believe, agree
with themselves as voters and vote based on the vision and mission of
the legislative candidates. Both neutral attitudes know themselves as
voters who care enough about the vision and mission of the legislative
candidates. The third negative attitude is when the Muslim community
does not know, does not believe, does not agree, and is apathetic.
Keywords:
Apathy, Political
Culture, Legislative,
Elections, Citizens
Muslim.
Introduction
Starting with the promulgation of Law
number 7 of 2017 concerning the
implementation of the legislative general
election, the implementation was held on
April 17, 2019, and was aimed at selecting
candidates for DPR, City, and Provincial
DPRD, and DPD. Elections are a way of
determining who has the right to become
members of the Legislature and allow all
parties to be accommodated to what they want
and aspire to so that a better life can be
realized. Changes in the political system in
Indonesia have an impact on voters and
electoral districts. This means that the
government system greatly determines the
quality of voters and candidates to be elected
(Kurniawan, 2018). The quality of elections
and voters in general elections is also
determined by the political culture that has
been the bridge for political aspirations and
the changes achieved (Pardede, 2014).
Achieving changes from the general election
results, of course, places the attitude of voters
who are enthusiastic and full of hope for
political promises and public participation in
participating in influencing government
policies (Arianto, 2020). For a Muslim voter,
choosing a leader who is trustworthy,
prophetic, and fair is an ideal criterion to
bring about change (SALAMUN, 2021).
However, not all of these ideal criteria exist
and can be found in competing candidates.
This is a political fact that must be seen as a
fundamental part of political reality which is
influenced by existing social formations. Such
beliefs and beliefs in society also influence
political attitudes in making decisions to
Political Behavior Of Muslim Voters In Giving Vote Of Political Support
Journal of Syntax Transformation, Vol. 3, No. 8, August 2022 1059
choose leaders. These two aspects are often
determinant in a general election. Relationship
with the city of Palembang, the majority of
the population is Muslim.
Based on research written by (Ali,
2020) informs that religious and cultural
diversity is sufficient reason that political
attitudes and those who compete in elections
must put religion into consideration in the
political structure being fought for. Politics
can be a religious identity, and vice versa
religion can be a political dress.
In this study, the dominance of Islam in
Palembang is not seen in terms of political
opportunities or hinders political
opportunities, but will be seen as a new
dynamic space and as a profitable facility for
competitors as long as they do not play fear
glomeruli (politics of fear). In Islam, choosing
is a rational choice that must be made, but the
fulfillment of the ideal aspect is often a
Muslim who does not want to participate in
voting (Ruslan, 2014). Or other fundamental
aspects such as inconsistency in faith and or
differences in Islamic schools of thought
(Rachmat, 2021). Therefore, the above aspects
are not used as a benchmark for political
attitudes. However, it is categorized as
another aspect of the findings. Political
attitudes in this study are measured by, among
others; First, the cognitive aspect, namely
knowledge about elections, the second is the
affective aspect, namely the feelings of
Muslims in Palembang City towards the
political system, its role, and political actors.
special feelings towards certain aspects of the
political system that can make individuals
accept or reject them. The three evaluative
aspects are decisions and opinions about
political objects which typically involve a
combination of standard values and criteria
with information and feelings as well as the
ability to measure awareness about the
usefulness of elections. Moving on from the
description above, the empirical question of
this research is what is the foundation of
Muslim voter behavior in the 2019 Palembang
legislative election? The significance of this
research is to explain the rationality
foundation used by Muslim voters in
exercising their political rights with the
political relations built by the candidates.
Meanwhile, the contributions of this research
are, among others: first: being able to explain
rationally and constructively that the religion
adopted for political choices is not singular
and is part of modern political reality and does
not develop into identity politics. Second;
Muslim political attitudes are an important
part of the response to political changes and
the reality of beliefs and the results of the tug
of war symbolizing religion in the practical
arena but still showing forms of support for
democratic practices.
Several previous studies that are
relevant to this study include; Arya Fernandes'
study (Fernandes, 2018), which concluded
that voters in Indonesia are moderate and
consideration of choices in elections is
influenced by considerations of personal
quality and candidate performance rather than
religious political urges. Windyanto's study
(Pamungkas et al., 2020) show that the
existence of PKS attitudes tends to fluctuate
on religious issues, PKS tends to be flexible
and does not impose the rule of law in
Indonesia to be applied based on one
particular religion. The results of the study by
Muhamad Ridwan Effendi (Effendi &
Syafrudin, 2020), that the Islamic Defense
Action has shown its involvement in the
turbulent political arena, and the process has
shaped the character of the political situation
that occurred in the DKI Jakarta Pilkada. In
addition, this study also shows that the
ongoing democratic process has allowed the
emergence of religious identity in the DKI
Jakarta Pilkada. The results of the DK Putra
study (Putra, 2019) concluded that for Muslim
voters, identity politics is still relevant to be
used in general elections, both at the regional
and national levels. The choice that is
Mohammad Syawaludin
1060 Journal of Syntax Transformation, Vol. 3, No. 8, August 2022
considered rational is choosing people with
the same identity background, namely sons of
the region and Muslims. The results of
Kurniawan's study (Kurniawan, 2018)
conclude that Indonesian politics is
undeniably colored by the politicization of
religion. According to him, the copy of the
#2019ChangePresident movement shows that
the post-truth political reality cannot be
denied. By using sentiments of ethnicity and
religion, this movement has carried out the
politicization of religion based on populist
discourses with the argument of distorting
information to revive the legitimacy of
religion in the context of political interests.
Post-truth political realities pose a threat to
the democratic system in Indonesia. the
politicization of religion so that Indonesia's
democratic climate in the future can be
maintained in a good condition. The results of
Ronaldo's study (Ronaldo & Darmaiza, 2021),
stated that two religious symbols were
massively used in determining the presidential
and vice presidential candidates for the 2019
election, namely Muslim identity, and
religious identity. The contested 2019
presidential and vice presidential candidates
are the results of the tug-of-war between
religious symbols used in the early stages of
the 2019 presidential election. At this stage,
Muslim identity becomes an offer that is
transacted in the determination of the
presidential and vice presidential candidates.
Likewise with scholars and several religious
organizations. A series of religious
ceremonies such as ijtihad and ijma are also
used as media to legitimize the 2019
presidential election contestants. Interestingly,
the results of ijtihad and ijtima are not static
and standard, but dynamic and can change
according to the political situation that occurs.
The results of the study of MH Siregar
(Siregar et al., 2022) explain that the process
of politicizing religion carried out by the
Erasmus winning team by approaching
various Islamic religious leaders, carrying out
major activities such as remembrance of
Akbar in the Medan Fort field by inviting
famous scholars, carrying out the mobile car
program to clean mosques, to the
politicization of religion in the Eramas
Campaign which was proven by the use of the
issue of "not electing infidel leaders" and
carrying out the congregational dawn
movement in the mosque which is related to
Muslims.
This study will use the theory of
political participation (political stimulation).
In this context, political participation in
activities can be divided into active
participation and passive participation. Active
participation can be interpreted as an activity
that is oriented towards input and output.
Meanwhile, Milbrath and Goel (Milbrath,
1981) distinguish participation into several
categories, namely: Apathy, meaning people
who do not participate and withdraw from the
political process. Spectators, meaning people
who have at least participated in voting in
general elections. Gladiators, meaning people
who are actively facing to face in the political
process, such as community activists. Critics,
meaning people who engage in
unconventional forms of participation, such as
demonstrations and strikes (Croft &
Beresford, 1992).
The results of several previous studies
put religion, religious symbols, religious
issues, and Muslim leadership as a benchmark
for Muslim attitudes in determining their
political choices. In contrast to this study,
political attitudes are measured by gradually
dividing voters based on policy-problem-
solver orientation (CAIN II, 1971) and
ideological orientation (Seftina, 2011). Based
on this, voter authentication is divided into;
first: rational voters, second: critical voters,
third: traditional voters, and fourth: skeptical
voters. The division of voters into four criteria
is believed to be able to reveal the reasons that
form the foundation of Muslims to exercise
their right to vote actively or passively
Political Behavior Of Muslim Voters In Giving Vote Of Political Support
Journal of Syntax Transformation, Vol. 3, No. 8, August 2022 1061
Research methods
This study uses mixed method research,
which is a method that is applied when
researchers have questions that need to be
tested in terms of outcomes and processes and
involve a combination of quantitative and
qualitative methods in one study (Supriyati,
2015). The purpose of getting the meaning
behind the phenomenon and how that
meaning affects the phenomenon or human
behavior can be achieved by using qualitative
methods. What is found in the qualitative
method, namely the meaning behind the
phenomenon, can be applied to informants
whose benefits are wider by quantitative
methods which require a large number of
respondents because quantitative methods
enforce the generalization principle (Sarwono,
2013). This study uses a voter population
based on sources from the General Election
Commission (KPU) of Palembang City to
determine the Fixed Voter List (DPT) as a
result of improvements for the 2019
legislative election (Pileg) and the presidential
election (Pilpres) as many as 1,124,236 people
with details, as many as 556,213 male voters.
-male and 568,213 female voters. Based on
the population, this study uses quota sampling
to be more effective and familiar with the
data. In the sampling technique in this study,
the researcher used the solving formula to
determine the number of samples used
(Hidayat, 2017).
Information:
N = Number of Samples
N = Total Population
E = The desired error tolerance limit is:
10% with a confidence level of 90%
for example:
n = N/(1+Ne2)
n = 1.124.236/(1+(1.124.236x0.01))
n = 1,124,236/(1+1,124,236)
n = ( 1.124.236)/1.0090
n = 99.83 rounded up to 190 Samples
The first stage is after the data is
entered and then the data is processed based
on the questionnaire from the research results
collected, starting with the editing process,
followed by the coding process, and ending
with the tabulating process. The second stage
of the Validity and Reliability Test. Validity
test, namely the extent to which the measuring
instrument can measure the attributes that
should be measured and the accuracy and
precision of a measuring instrument
performing its measuring function.
Measurement of validity in this study using
SPSS version 20. Pearson product-moment
correlation method is carried out by
comparing the correlation significance value
of one item with the total item, with the rule
that if the significance value is < 0.05 then the
item is declared valid, but if the significance
value is > 0, 05 then the item is declared
invalid. So to see the validity of the items
used can be seen by comparing the item
scores with the total item scores. If the
significance value is 0.05, the item is valid,
but if the significance value is 0.05, the item
is invalid. While Reliability refers to the
consistency or confidence of the measurement
results, which implies the accuracy of the
measurement. The measurement of reliability
in this study uses the Alpha Cronbach
technique (Brown, 2002) with the coefficient
of reliability (rxx) in the range of 0 to 1.00,
the higher the number approaching 1.00, the
more reliable the measurement.
To find out the percentage of
respondents' answers, use the following
percentage formula:
Information:
P = Percentage
F = Frequency
N = Total Population
Furthermore, to categorize attitudes, use
the interval formula calculation as follows:
Information:
I = Interval Score Score
NT = Highest Score
NR = Lowest Value
K = Answer Category
Mohammad Syawaludin
1062 Journal of Syntax Transformation, Vol. 3, No. 8, August 2022
In addition, this study also uses
qualitative data collection techniques such as
observation, open interviews, and
documentation as well as a snowball to
complete some of the imperfect data findings
in the sampling technique. The technique of
analyzing all data is done utilizing content
analysis and interpretive, this considers
subjectivity. Another reason is that the
researcher believes that the behavior of
Muslim voters in making their political
choices is also influenced by elements of
values, norms, and political culture, especially
traditions in the family. This fact needs to be
explained with an approach that explores the
relationship of a fact with the essence that
occurs (Ahmad, 2018). Researchers are trying
to construct values and behavior in the frame
of a series of events (Irwin, 2008).
Results and Discussion
A. Research result
The sample used is quata, namely
the researcher determines the number of
samples based on consideration of the level
of representation (representative), the type
of research used is mixed method research,
the degree of uniformity, cost, time, and
available manpower. Another thing is that
the data taken does not have other sub-
components. The number of respondents
quata is 190 people who have the right to
vote and have been determined on the
permanent voter list. Respondents who are
Muslim live in the sub-district according to
their domicile. This respondent description
is a process of describing the respondents
based on the results of questionnaires
distributed to 190 respondents.
Table l
Number of Respondents
No.
Subdistrict
Number of Respondents
1.
Ilir Barat I
15 people
2.
Ilir Barat 2
10 people
3.
Ilir Timur 1
10 people
4.
Ilir Timur 2
10 people
5.
Ilir Timur 3
10 people
6.
Sako
15 people
7
Lebong Elephant
10 people
8.
Happy Forms
10 people
9
Jakabaring
10 people
10
Across Ulu 1
10 people
11
Keterpati
10 people
12
Across Ulu 2
10 people
13
snow
10 people
14
Sukarame
10 people
15
Coconut Gutter
10 people
16
New Hill
10 people
17
Gadus
10 people
17 Districts
190 people
2021 research data
1. Validity and Reliability Test
a. Validity test
By using questions distributed to
respondents, this data collection was
carried out directly by distributing
questionnaires, from July 22 to
August 25, 2021. Based on the data
obtained, the researchers then tested
the validity using SPSS (Statistical
Program For Social Science) version
23.00. For Windows. Validation is
Political Behavior Of Muslim Voters In Giving Vote Of Political Support
Journal of Syntax Transformation, Vol. 3, No. 8, August 2022 1063
done by comparing the item scores
with the total item scores. If the
significance value is 0.05 then the
item is declared valid, but if the
significance value is 0.05 then the
item is declared invalid/failed.
Based on the significance values
obtained from the SPSS output
table, all of them are smaller than
0.05. That is, all items from the
questionnaire are known that the
political behavior of Muslim voters
in Palembang City in the 2019
Legislative General Election is
declared valid and no items are
dropped. However, it fluctuates
depending on political conditions at
the time of the election. There are
several reasons found in in-depth
interviews, namely 1) political
polarization between supporters of
the presidential pair has an impact
on voters, 2) community
dissatisfaction with the performance
of council members 3) strong public
distrust in government and
opposition parties and 4) concurrent
legislative elections. with the
presidential election causing voter
saturation.
b. Reliability Test
The test is said to be reliable if the
observed score is strongly correlated
with the actual score. It is also
determined that reliability is the
correlation coefficient between the
two observed scores from the
measurement results with parallel
tests. So the idea can be derived
from the claim that the test is
reliable if the results are close to the
actual results. This reliability
measurement is based on the results
of questions distributed to
respondents, this data collection is
carried out directly by distributing
questionnaires, from July 22 to
August 25, 2021. Based on the data
obtained, the researcher then
conducted a reliability test. The
results of the reliability test obtained
from the results of the
questionnaires that have been
distributed show Cronbach's alpha >
0.60 (highly significant). Based on
the output of the reliability
coefficient values ranging from 0 to
1, the reliability value shows a good
number because it is close to 1.00 so
it can be stated that the reliability
value is high. However, Muslim
voter participation fluctuates
because it is influenced by voter
characteristics, voters' socio-cultural
characteristics, the spread of racial
issues, and the lack of election
education messages. Reality shows
that the results are quite reliable, but
the durability of voters is not
sufficiently illustrated because of the
intervention of the said factor.
B. Discussion.
1. Cognitive Component
a. Knowledge of the Muslim
community regarding the
implementation of the Legislative
General election which was held on
April 9, 2019, in the following table
:
Mohammad Syawaludin
1064 Journal of Syntax Transformation, Vol. 3, No. 8, August 2022
Table. 2
Respondents Regarding the Implementation of the 2019 Election
No.
Subject Answer
Frequency
Percentage (%)
1.
Very know
40
15
2.
Know
133
82
3.
Don't know
17
3
4.
Don't Know
0
0
Total
190
100
Based on the results of the
study, of the 100 respondents, 40
(15%) chose the answer that they
knew very well, the respondents
who chose the answer knew as many
as 82 (82%), and respondents who
chose the answer did not know as
many as 17 (3%), and the
respondents who chose the answer
did not know. the answer very
doesn't know as much as 0 (0%).
b. The subject's knowledge of the aims
and objectives of the 2019
Palembang City Legislative
Elections can be seen in the
following table
Table.3
Subject's Knowledge of the Purpose and Objectives of Elections
No.
Subject Answer
Frequency
Percentage (%)
1.
Very know
40
15
2.
Know
133
82
3.
Don't know
17
3
4.
Don't Know
0
0
Total
1 90
100
Based on the results of the
table above, it can be seen that from
190 respondents, 40 (15%) chose
the answer that they knew very well
about the aims and objectives of the
legislative general election, and 133
(82%), subjects who chose the
answer did not know. as many as 17
(3%), and those who chose the
answer that they did not know were
0 (0%).
c. The knowledge of the Muslim
community about the political
parties participating in the 2019
Legislative Elections in the city of
Palembang can be seen in the
following table:
Table.4
Subject's Knowledge of Political Parties Contesting in Elections
No.
Subject Answer
Frequency
1.
Very know
40
2.
Know
133
3.
Don't know
17
4.
Don't Know
0
Total
190
100
Based on the results of the
table above, it can be seen that of
the 190 subjects, 40 (15%) chose
the answer very well, the subject
who chose the answer knew as
many as 133 (82%), the subject
who chose the answer did not know
Political Behavior Of Muslim Voters In Giving Vote Of Political Support
Journal of Syntax Transformation, Vol. 3, No. 8, August 2022 1065
as much as 17 (3%), and 0 (0%)
chose the answer very don't know. d. Knowledge of who is a candidate for
the Legislature of Palembang city in
2019.
Table.5
Subject's Knowledge of Candidates for Legislative Members
No.
Subject Answer
Frequency
Percentage (%)
1.
Very know
15
6
2.
Know
133
84
3.
Don't know
42
10
4.
Don't Know
0
0
Total
1 9 0
100
Based on the results of the
table above, it can be seen that of the
190 subjects, 15 (6%) chose the
answer that they knew very well
who the candidates for legislative
members were in the legislative
general election, and the subjects
who chose the answer knew as many
as 133 (84%), subjects who chose 42
(10%) do not know answers, and 0
(0%).
2. Affective Component
a. Public trust in people's voting rights
in the 2019 Palembang city
legislative elections is used
honestly, it can be seen in the
following table
Table 6
The Subject's Trust in Community Suffrage is Used Honestly
No.
Subject Answer
Frequency
Percentage (%)
1.
Strongly believes
15
6
2.
Believe
133
84
3.
Don't believe
42
10
4.
Very Unbelievable
0
0
Total
190
1 00
Based on the results of the
table above, of the 190 existing
subjects, 15 (6%) chose the answer
to strongly believe the public
suffrage in the 2019 Palembang
City legislative election was used
honestly, the subjects who chose
the answer believed as many as 133
(84%), subjects who voted 42
(10%), and who chose the answer
strongly distrust as much as 0 (0%).
b. Public Trust in the Organizers of
the Legislative Elections of
Palembang City in 2019 can be
seen in the following table
Table.7
Subject's Trust in Legislative Election Organizers
No.
Subject Answer
Frequency
Percentage (%)
1.
Strongly believes
5
5
2.
Believe
77
14.6
3.
Don't believe
108
80.4
Mohammad Syawaludin
1066 Journal of Syntax Transformation, Vol. 3, No. 8, August 2022
4.
Very Unbelievable
0
0
Total
190
100
Based on the results of the
table above, it can be seen that of
the 190 subjects, 5 (5%) chose the
answer to strongly believe in the
organizers of the legislative
election, and subjects who chose
the answer to believe as many as 77
(14.6%), the subjects who chose the
answer do not believe as much as
108 ( 80.4%), and those who chose
the answer strongly did not believe
as much as 0 (0%).
c. People's Perceptions of the Vision
and Mission of the Legislative
Candidates for the City of
Palembang are in line with the
expectations of the people, which
can be seen in the following table
Table.8
Public Perception of the Vision and Mission of Legislative Candidates
No.
Subject Answer
Frequency
Percentage (%)
1.
Very Appropriate
5
5
2.
In accordance
77
14.6
3.
It is not in accordance with
108
80.4
4.
Very Incompatible
0
0
Total
1 90
1 00
Based on the results of the
table above, it can be seen that of
the 190 existing subjects, 5 (5%)
chose the very appropriate answer
to the vision and mission of the
legislative candidates in accordance
with the expectations of the
community, the subjects who chose
the appropriate answer were 77
(14.6%), the subjects who chose
108 (80.4%) incorrect answers, and
0 (0%) who chose the very
inappropriate answer.
d. Evaluative Component
Table.9
Public Perception of Good Legislative Election Organizers
No.
Subject Answer
Frequency
Percentage (%)
1.
Very good
2
3.8
2.
Well
75
14.2
3.
Not good
113
85.8
4.
Very Not Good
0
0
Total
190
100
Based on the results of the table
above, of the 190 subjects, 2 (3.8%)
chose a very good answer to the
legislative election organizers who had
worked well, 75 (14.2%) subjects
chose a bad answer, 113 subjects
chose not good answers. (85.8%), and
those who chose the very bad answer
were 0 (0%). This fact illustrates that
the perception of the Legislative
Election Implementation Process is
sufficient.
The researcher believes that from the
results of the respondent's answers to the
political behavior of Muslim voters in the
city of Palembang in 2019 the legislative
elections are still dynamic and fluctuating.
This can be seen in the vulnerability of the
organizer factor and the calculation system
which is considered to have a low level of
Political Behavior Of Muslim Voters In Giving Vote Of Political Support
Journal of Syntax Transformation, Vol. 3, No. 8, August 2022 1067
truth. While the issue of Sara and religion,
although not tested by respondents, the
researchers tested it utilizing in-depth
interviews. The result is that religious and
religious issues play a strong influence
because they can accelerate positive and
negative perceptions of legislative
candidates. The issue is directly related to the
political stimulation of voters to continue
their political rights or not. From the
capability side, the mission and vision do not
seem to capture too many perceptions of
Muslim voters.
Researchers found the foundational
forms of Muslim voter political behavior in
the 2019 Ligislatir Election in Palembang
City, among others, First, Muslim political
behavior is based on religious issues, Sara,
and other anthropometrics. Political facts
found this behavior in the middle to lower
class of voters, although not evenly
distributed. But enough to influence other
voters. Both Muslim political behavior is
based on the dynamics of national politics
and the proposed change agenda. This voting
behavior is found in the upper middle class
but also in the Muslim class mostly.
Although every respondent an interview
found in the form-critical and hope. Third,
the political behavior of Muslim voters is
based on community and political networks.
This sociological fact explains that the
culture and the strength of the network take a
fairly good portion in shaping the behavior of
Muslim voters. The results of polling
respondents' opinions and interviews are
always found in sentences that link the
candidate with family past or family roles.
fourth, Muslim political behavior is based on
the roles of loyalist figures and is considered
a strong influence. Interestingly, the
foundations of voter behavior found believed
that religious, racial, and ethnic issues do
exist, but they are sufficient to be considered
for making political choices. In this case,
identity politics and voter polarization do
exist but do not develop into a political feud.
Conclusion
The political relationship between the
interests of candidates and political
opportunities to become a legislature can
shape the political behavior of Muslim voters
as long as the dynamics of National politics
lays a clear direction on the expectations of
the people. The behavior of Muslim voters is
not singular and sacred, but fluctuating and
open. The influence of trust and the conduct
of elections at all stages is one of the factors
of concern. Consider issues of religion, race,
and ethnicity in determining voters.
Sociological facts explain that hope for
change and credibility is something that can
bridge political interests with political trust.
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